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Application Discovery

Adversaries may seek to identify all applications installed on the device. One use case for doing so is to identify the presence of endpoint security applications that may increase the adversary's risk of detection. Another use case is to identify the presence of applications that the adversary may wish to target.

On Android, applications can use methods in the PackageManager class [1] to enumerate other apps installed on device, or an entity with shell access can use the pm command line tool.

On iOS, apps can use private API calls to obtain a list of other apps installed on the device. [2] However, use of private API calls will likely prevent the application from being distributed through Apple's App Store.

ID: T1418
Sub-techniques:  No sub-techniques
Tactic Type: Post-Adversary Device Access
ⓘ
Tactics: Defense Evasion, Discovery
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Platforms: Android, iOS
Version: 1.0
Created: 25 October 2017
Last Modified: 17 October 2018

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
S0440 Agent Smith

Agent Smith obtains the device’s application list.[3]
S0525 Android/AdDisplay.Ashas

Android/AdDisplay.Ashas has checked to see how many apps are installed, and specifically if Facebook or FB Messenger are installed.[4]
S0422 Anubis

Anubis can collect a list of installed applications to compare to a list of targeted applications.[5]
S0529 CarbonSteal

CarbonSteal has looked for specific applications, such as MiCode.[6]
S0480 Cerberus

Cerberus can obtain a list of installed applications.[7]
S0479 DEFENSOR ID

DEFENSOR ID can retrieve a list of installed applications.[8]
S0505 Desert Scorpion

Desert Scorpion can obtain a list of installed applications.[9]
S0550 DoubleAgent

DoubleAgent has accessed the list of installed apps.[6]
S0478 EventBot

EventBot can collect a list of installed applications.[10]
S0522 Exobot

Exobot can obtain a list of installed applications and can detect if an antivirus application is running, and close it if it is.[11]
S0405 Exodus

Exodus Two can obtain a list of installed applications.[12]

S0509 FakeSpy

FakeSpy can collect a list of installed applications.[13]
S0408 FlexiSpy

FlexiSpy can retrieve a list of installed applications.[14]

S0423 Ginp

Ginp can obtain a list of installed applications.[15]
S0535 Golden Cup

Golden Cup can obtain a list of installed applications.[16]
S0551 GoldenEagle

GoldenEagle has collected a list of installed application names.[6]
S0421 GolfSpy

GolfSpy can obtain a list of installed applications.[17]
S0536 GPlayed

GPlayed can collect a list of installed applications.[18]
S0406 Gustuff

Gustuff checks for antivirus software contained in a predefined list.[19]
S0544 HenBox

HenBox can obtain a list of running apps.[20]
S0463 INSOMNIA

INSOMNIA can obtain a list of installed non-Apple applications.[21]
S0485 Mandrake

Mandrake can obtain a list of installed applications.[22]
S0407 Monokle

Monokle can list applications installed on the device.[23]
S0399 Pallas

Pallas retrieves a list of all applications installed on the device.[24]
S0316 Pegasus for Android

Pegasus for Android accesses the list of installed applications.[25]
S0539 Red Alert 2.0

Red Alert 2.0 can obtain the running application.[26]
S0403 Riltok

Riltok can retrieve a list of installed applications. Installed application names are then checked against an adversary-defined list of targeted applications.[27]
S0411 Rotexy

Rotexy retrieves a list of installed applications and sends it to the command and control server.[28]
S0328 Stealth Mango

Stealth Mango uploads information about installed packages.[29]
S0545 TERRACOTTA

TERRACOTTA can obtain a list of installed apps.[30]
S0558 Tiktok Pro

Tiktok Pro can obtain a list of installed applications.[31]
S0424 Triada

Triada is able to modify code within the com.android.systemui application to gain access to GET_REAL_TASKS permissions. This permission enables access to information about applications currently on the foreground and other recently used apps.[32]

S0427 TrickMo

TrickMo can collect a list of installed applications.[33]
S0418 ViceLeaker

ViceLeaker can obtain a list of installed applications.[34]
S0489 WolfRAT

WolfRAT can obtain a list of installed applications.[35]

Mitigations

ID Mitigation Description
M1005 Application Vetting

Application vetting techniques could search for use of the Android PackageManager class to enumerate other apps, and such applications could have extra scrutiny applied to them. However, this technique may not be practical if many apps invoke these methods as part of their legitimate behavior. On iOS, application vetting techniques could similarly search for use of the private API call necessary to obtain a list of apps installed on the device. Additionally, on iOS, use of the private API call is likely to result in the app not being accepted into Apple's App Store.

References

  1. Android. (n.d.). PackageManager. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  2. Andreas Kurtz. (2014, September 18). Malicious iOS Apps. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  3. A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  4. L. Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  5. M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  6. A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  7. Threat Fabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  8. L. Stefanko. (2020, May 22). Insidious Android malware gives up all malicious features but one to gain stealth. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  9. A. Blaich, M. Flossman. (2018, April 16). Lookout finds new surveillanceware in Google Play with ties to known threat actor targeting the Middle East. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  10. D. Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  11. Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  12. Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  13. O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  14. FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy Monitoring Features. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  15. ThreatFabric. (2019, November). Ginp - A malware patchwork borrowing from Anubis. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  16. R. Iarchy, E. Rynkowski. (2018, July 5). GoldenCup: New Cyber Threat Targeting World Cup Fans. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  17. E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28). Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign ‘Bouncing Golf’ Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  18. V. Ventura. (2018, October 11). GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  1. Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9). Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  2. A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  3. I. Beer. (2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  4. R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  5. Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  6. Blaich, A., et al. (2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  7. Mike Murray. (2017, April 3). Pegasus for Android: the other side of the story emerges. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
  8. J. Chandraiah. (2018, July 23). Red Alert 2.0: Android Trojan targets security-seekers. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  9. Tatyana Shishkova. (2019, June 25). Riltok mobile Trojan: A banker with global reach. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  10. T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22). The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  11. Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  12. Satori Threat Intelligence and Research Team. (2020, August). TERRACOTTA Android Malware: A Technical Study. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  13. S. Desai. (2020, September 8). TikTok Spyware. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  14. Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  15. P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  16. GReAT. (2019, June 26). ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  17. W. Mercer, P. Rascagneres, V. Ventura. (2020, May 19). The wolf is back... . Retrieved July 20, 2020.