Brute Force: Password Spraying

Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials. Password spraying uses one password (e.g. 'Password01'), or a small list of commonly used passwords, that may match the complexity policy of the domain. Logins are attempted with that password against many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. [1]

Typically, management services over commonly used ports are used when password spraying. Commonly targeted services include the following:

  • SSH (22/TCP)
  • Telnet (23/TCP)
  • FTP (21/TCP)
  • NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)
  • LDAP (389/TCP)
  • Kerberos (88/TCP)
  • RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)
  • HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)
  • MSSQL (1433/TCP)
  • Oracle (1521/TCP)
  • MySQL (3306/TCP)
  • VNC (5900/TCP)

In addition to management services, adversaries may "target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols," as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.[2]

In default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows "logon failure" event ID 4625.

ID: T1110.003
Sub-technique of:  T1110
Platforms: Azure AD, Containers, Google Workspace, IaaS, Linux, Office 365, SaaS, Windows, macOS
Permissions Required: User
CAPEC ID: CAPEC-565
Contributors: John Strand; Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)
Version: 1.2
Created: 11 February 2020
Last Modified: 06 April 2021

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
G0007 APT28

APT28 has used a brute-force/password-spray tooling that operated in two modes: in password-spraying mode it conducted approximately four authentication attempts per hour per targeted account over the course of several days or weeks.[3][4] APT28 has also used a Kubernetes cluster to conduct distributed, large-scale password spray attacks.[5]

G0016 APT29

APT29 has conducted brute force password spray attacks.[6][7]

G0064 APT33

APT33 has used password spraying to gain access to target systems.[8][9]

S0606 Bad Rabbit

Bad Rabbit’s infpub.dat file uses NTLM login credentials to brute force Windows machines.[10]

G0114 Chimera

Chimera has used multiple password spraying attacks against victim's remote services to obtain valid user and administrator accounts.[11]

S0488 CrackMapExec

CrackMapExec can brute force credential authentication by using a supplied list of usernames and a single password.[12]

G0032 Lazarus Group

Lazarus Group malware attempts to connect to Windows shares for lateral movement by using a generated list of usernames, which center around permutations of the username Administrator, and weak passwords.[13][14]

G0077 Leafminer

Leafminer used a tool called Total SMB BruteForcer to perform internal password spraying.[15]

S0362 Linux Rabbit

Linux Rabbit brute forces SSH passwords in order to attempt to gain access and install its malware onto the server. [16]

S0413 MailSniper

MailSniper can be used for password spraying against Exchange and Office 365.[17]

G0034 Sandworm Team

Sandworm Team has used a script to attempt RPC authentication against a number of hosts.[18]

G0122 Silent Librarian

Silent Librarian has used collected lists of names and e-mail accounts to use in password spraying attacks against private sector targets.[19]

Mitigations

ID Mitigation Description
M1036 Account Use Policies

Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. Too strict a policy may create a denial of service condition and render environments un-usable, with all accounts used in the brute force being locked-out.

M1032 Multi-factor Authentication

Use multi-factor authentication. Where possible, also enable multi-factor authentication on externally facing services.

M1027 Password Policies

Refer to NIST guidelines when creating password policies. [20]

Detection

ID Data Source Data Component
DS0015 Application Log Application Log Content
DS0002 User Account User Account Authentication

Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of Valid Accounts. Specifically, monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts.

Consider the following event IDs:[21]

  • Domain Controllers: "Audit Logon" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4625.
  • Domain Controllers: "Audit Kerberos Authentication Service" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4771.
  • All systems: "Audit Logon" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4648.

References